copper cableused for home and industrial electric wire
Wire (power transmission wire) edit discussion 1 upload video
This entry is reviewed by the project of "science popularization China" science encyclopedia entry compilation and application.
Wire refers to the wire that transmits electric energy. It is divided into bare wire, electromagnetic wire and insulated wire. Bare wire has no insulating layer, including copper, aluminum flat wire, overhead stranded wire and various profiles (such as profile wire, bus bar, copper bar, aluminum bar, etc.). It is mainly used for outdoor overhead and indoor bus bar and switch box. Electromagnetic wire is an insulated wire which generates magnetic field or induces current in magnetic field after being electrified. It is mainly used for motor and transformer winding and other related electromagnetic equipment. The conductor is mainly copper wire, which should have thin insulation layer and good electrical and mechanical properties, as well as heat resistance, moisture resistance, solvent resistance and other properties. Different insulation materials can obtain different characteristics.
Chinese name electric line foreign name electric line Pinyin di à n xi à N refers to the classification of conducting current wires, bare wire, electromagnetic wire and insulating wire materials, such as copper, aluminum and other materials with high conductivity
catalogue
1 wire definition
▪ Distinction between wire and cable
2 composition
▪ conductor
▪ Insulation layer
▪ Shielding layer
▪ Protective layer
3. Application classification
▪ Power system
▪ information transmission
▪ Instrument system
4 manufacturing
5 naming
▪ Naming principles
▪ Sequence of structure description
▪ simplify
Model 6
7 products
▪ Basic categories
▪ derivative
8 color meaning
9 quality identification
10. Three inspection methods
▪ weight
▪ copper
▪ manufactor
▪ Price
11. Misunderstanding
▪ Greedy for low price
▪ Improper selection
12 letter meaning
13 selection criteria
14 damage prevention methods
Wire interpretation editor
Wire refers to the wire that transmits electric energy. It is divided into bare wire, electromagnetic wire and insulated wire. Bare wire has no insulating layer, including copper, aluminum flat wire, overhead stranded wire and various profiles (such as profile wire, bus bar, copper bar, aluminum bar, etc.). It is mainly used for outdoor overhead and indoor bus bar and switch box.
Electromagnetic wire is an insulated wire which generates magnetic field or induces current in magnetic field after being electrified. It is mainly used for motor and transformer winding and other related electromagnetic equipment. The conductor is mainly copper wire, which should have thin insulation layer and good electrical and mechanical properties, as well as heat resistance, moisture resistance, solvent resistance and other properties. Different insulation materials can obtain different characteristics.
There are mainly two kinds of electromagnetic wires: enameled wire and wound wire. Enameled wire is made by coating insulating paint on bare copper wire, with thin insulating layer and small occupation volume. It is widely used in various electrical machines and instruments. The performance of enameled wire varies with the nature of the insulating material used. The winding wires mainly include yarn, silk, glass, paper and plastic film, among which the yarn and silk may be eliminated due to poor temperature resistance and large occupied volume. Glass wire is wrapped with glass wire outside round copper wire and impregnated with silicone resin. It can withstand high temperature of 180 ºC and has good insulation and mechanical strength. Paper wrapped wire is mainly used for oil immersed transformer. Plastic film cladding is made of polyimide film coated with some adhesive and wrapped on the conductor. Its insulating layer is tough and elastic, easy to wind and wear-resistant, which is widely used in aerospace and other equipment. Insulated wire is generally composed of conductor core, insulating layer and protective layer. According to the use requirements, the core can be divided into four types: hard type, soft type, mobile type and extra soft type. There are four kinds of wire cores: single core, two core, three core and four core. The insulating layer is generally made of rubber, plastic, etc. This kind of insulated wire is widely used in various instruments and meters, telecommunication equipment, power lines and lighting lines with AC voltage below 500V and DC voltage below 1000V.
Distinction between wire and cable
The wire is composed of one or several soft wires with light and soft protective layer; The cable is composed of one or several insulated wires, which are wrapped with a tough outer layer made of metal or rubber. Cables and wires are generally composed of core wire, insulation sheath and protective sheath. The characteristics of common cables are as follows: CEF - EPDM insulation, chloroprene rubber sheath, marine flame retardant power cable. CVV - PVC insulated, PVC sheathed marine flame retardant power cable. BV, BX, RV and RVV series wires are often used in oxygen chamber. Among them, BV - copper core PVC insulated wire, with long-term allowable temperature of 65 ºC, minimum temperature of - 15 ºC, working voltage of 500V AC and 1000V DC, is fixed indoors and outdoors, and can be exposed or concealed. BX - Copper rubber insulated wire, the maximum temperature of 65 ºC, applied indoors. RV - PVC insulated single core flexible wire, the maximum operating temperature is 65 ºC, the minimum operating temperature is - 15 ºC, and the working voltage is 250V AC and 500V DC. It is used as the internal wiring of instruments and equipment. RVV - copper core PVC insulated and sheathed flexible wire, which can work at 105 ºC for a long time and at 500V AC and 1000V DC. It is used in damp, high mechanical protection requirements, frequent moving and bending occasions. In fact, there is no strict boundary between "wire" and "cable". Generally, the products with few cores, small diameter and simple structure are called wires, the ones without insulation are called bare wires, and the others are called cables; The conductor with larger cross-sectional area (more than 6 square mm) is called large wire, the smaller one (less than or equal to 6 square mm) is called small wire, and the insulated wire is also called cloth wire. This is simple and easy to understand! Cables generally have more than two layers of insulation, most of which are multi-core structure, wound on the cable reel, and the length is generally more than 100 meters. Wire is generally single-layer insulation, single core, 100 meters a roll, wireless disk. Common model of cable: VV means: PVC insulation (the first V), PVC sheath (the second V); Yjv22 means: the flame-retardant cable (wire) with cross connected polyethylene insulation (YJ), PVC sheath (V), steel belt kaizhuang (22) model plus "Zr" or "fr". Add "L" for aluminum wire. The types of wires are relatively simple: BVV - PVC insulated and sheathed copper wire, BV - PVC insulated copper wire, BYJ - copper core cross-linked polyolefin insulated wire, BVR - PVC insulated copper wire, BX - rubber insulated copper wire, RHF - chloroprene rubber sheathed copper wire.
(2) The small diameter is called "line"; The larger diameter is called cable.
(3) The simple structure is called "line"; The complicated structure is called "cable".
But with the expansion of the scope of use, many varieties of "cable in the cable", "cable in the cable". So there is no need to make a strict distinction.
In daily habits, people call household cloth wires wires and power cables for short.
Wires and cables mainly include bare wires, winding wires, power cables, communication cables and optical cables, and electrical equipment.
Composition editor
Wire and cable are composed of conductor, insulating layer, shielding layer and protective layer.
conductor
Conductor is the conductive part of wire and cable, which is used to transmit electric energy and is the main part of wire and cable.
Insulation layer
Insulation layer is an indispensable part of the wire and cable structure, which separates the conductor from the earth and the conductors of different phases to ensure the power transmission.
Shielding layer
15kV and above wires and cables generally have conductor shielding layer and insulation shielding layer.
Protective layer
The function of the protective layer is to protect the wires and cables from the invasion of external impurities and moisture, and to prevent the power cables from being directly damaged by external forces.
Category editing in application
Power system
Wire 3
Wire 3
The wire and cable products used in power system mainly include overhead bare wire, bus bar (bus bar), power cable (plastic cable, oil paper power cable (basically replaced by plastic power cable), rubber sheathed cable, overhead insulated cable, branch cable (replacing part of bus bar), electromagnetic wire and electric equipment wire and cable for power equipment.
information transmission
The wires and cables used in information transmission system mainly include local telephone cable, television cable, electronic cable, radio frequency cable, optical fiber cable, data cable, electromagnetic wire, power communication or other composite cables.
Instrument system
Except for overhead bare wires, almost all other products have applications, but mainly power cables, electromagnetic wires, data cables, instrument cables, etc.
Manufacturing editor
First of all, starting from copper slag, it doesn't have to be pure copper, anything, as long as it contains copper.
Because it's not copper, it will melt in copper water and burn completely. In order to reach the boiling temperature of copper water, factory workers pump extremely high pressure oxygen into the boiler.
Molten copper water (containing some impurities) flows into the mold. The mold is then immersed in water and cooled to Machinable temperature.
After cooling, the molding die is sent to the giant electrolytic bath to remove impurities. The finished product is the much cleaner copper.
To make the wire, the copper sheet will be sent to a new workshop and melted again. The molten pure copper water is cooled and drawn into thicker copper strips. The thicker copper strip becomes the required wire after being stretched.
Named editor
wire
wire
The complete name of cable is usually more complex, so people sometimes use a simple name (usually the name of a category) combined with the model specification to replace the complete name. For example, "low voltage cable" represents all plastic insulated power cables of 0.6/1kv class. The type spectrum of wire and cable is relatively perfect. It can be said that as long as the standard model and specification of wire and cable are written, the specific product can be identified. But what is the complete name of it?
Naming principles
The naming principles of wire and cable products are as follows:
1. Contents included in the product name
(1) Product application or size class name
(2) Product structure material or type
(3) Important or additional features of the product
They are named in the above order. Sometimes, in order to emphasize important or additional features, they are written in front of the corresponding structure description.
Sequence of structure description
The product structure is described according to the principle from inside to outside: conductor > insulation > inner sheath > outer sheath > armor type.
simplify
In the case of no confusion, some structure descriptions are omitted or abbreviated. For example, aluminum conductor is not allowed in automobile wires and flexible wires, so conductor materials are not described.
Case study:
Rated voltage 8.7/15kv flame retardant copper core XLPE insulated steel strip armored PVC sheathed power cable
(too long!)
"Rated voltage 8.7/15kv" - Application / voltage level
"Flame retardant" -- characteristics of emphasis
"Copper core" -- conductor material
"XLPE insulation" -- insulating materials
"Steel strip armoring" - material and type of armoring layer (double steel strip gap wrapping)
"PVC sheath" - inner and outer sheath materials (the inner and outer sheath materials are the same, omitting the inner sheath materials)
"Power cable" -- product category name
The corresponding model is written as zr-yjv22-8.7/15, and the description of the model is shown below.
Model Editor
The model composition and sequence of cables are as follows:
Wire 2
Wire 2
[1: category and application] [2: conductor] [3: insulation] [4: inner sheath] [5: structural features] [6: outer sheath or derivative] [7: use features]
Numeral marking outer coat or sheath of armor layer
0 none---
1. Interlocking armor fiber coating
2 double layer steel strip PVC jacket
3 thin round steel wire polyethylene jacket
4 thick round steel wire
5 corrugated steel strip
6 double aluminum (or aluminum alloy) strip
8 copper wire weaving
9 steel wire braiding
Product Editor
Basic categories
Wire and cable products are mainly divided into five categories:
1. Bare wire and bare conductor products
The main features of this kind of products are: pure conductor metal, no insulation and sheath layer, such as ACSR, Cu al bus bar, electric locomotive line, etc; The processing technology is mainly pressure processing, such as melting, calendering, drawing, stranding / tight stranding, etc; Products are mainly used in suburbs, rural areas, user main line, switch cabinet, etc.
2. Power cable
Wire 4
Wire 4
The main features of this kind of products are: extruding (winding) the insulating layer outside the conductor, such as overhead insulated cable, or twisting several cores (corresponding to the phase line, zero line and ground wire of power system), such as overhead insulated cable with more than two cores, or adding sheath layer, such as plastic / rubber sheathed wire and cable. The main process technologies include drawing, stranding, insulation extrusion (wrapping), cabling, armor, sheath extrusion, etc. different process combinations of various products have certain differences.
The products are mainly used in the transmission of strong electric energy in the power generation, distribution, transmission, transformation and power supply lines, with large current (tens of amperes to thousands of Amperes) and high voltage (220 V to 500 kV and above).
3. Wires and cables for electrical equipment
The main features of these products are: a wide range of varieties and specifications, a wide range of applications, the use of voltage in 1kV and below more, in the face of special occasions continue to derive new products, such as fire-resistant cable, flame retardant cable, low smoke halogen-free / low smoke halogen-free cable, termite proof, mouse proof cable, oil / cold / temperature / wear-resistant cable, medical / agricultural / mining cable, thin-walled wire, etc.
4. Communication cable and optical fiber (brief introduction)
With the rapid development of the communication industry in the past 20 years, the products also have an amazing development speed. From simple telephone and telegraph cables in the past to thousands of pairs of telephone cables, coaxial cables, optical cables, data cables, and even combined communication cables.
This kind of product structure size is usually small and uniform, high manufacturing accuracy requirements.
5. Electromagnetic wire (winding wire)
It is mainly used for various motors, instruments, etc.
derivative
new product
The derivative / new products of wires and cables are mainly produced by using new materials, special materials, or changing product structure, or improving process requirements, or combining different kinds of products due to different application occasions, application requirements, convenience of equipment and reduction of equipment cost.
Different materials are used, such as flame retardant cable, low smoke and halogen-free / low smoke and low halogen cable, termite proof, mouse proof cable, oil / cold / temperature resistant cable, etc;
Change the product structure, such as: fire resistant cable, etc;
Improve the process requirements, such as: medical cable, etc;
Combined products such as OPGW, etc;
Easy to install and reduce equipment costs, such as: prefabricated branch cable, etc.
Such as: high temperature wire and cable
High temperature resistant wires and cables are required in aerospace, rolling stock, energy, iron and steel, non-ferrous metal smelting, oil exploitation, motor and other fields. High temperature resistant wires and cables with long-term continuous working temperature of 125 ºC, 135 ºC, 150 ºC, 180 ºC, 200 ºC, 250 ºC and above 250 ºC, commonly used wires and cables include radiation crosslinked polyolefin, silicone rubber, fluororesin, polyimide, mica, magnesium oxide, etc. It is introduced in this paper; Two new types of high temperature resistant wires and cables.
1. Polyethersulfone (PES) insulated wire has excellent heat resistance, physical and mechanical properties, electrical insulation properties, extrusion molding properties, especially the outstanding advantages of continuous use at high temperature and stable performance in the environment of rapid temperature change: thermal deformation temperature is 200-220 ºC, continuous use temperature is 180-200 ºC, UL temperature index is 180 ºC; It can withstand 150-160 ºC hot water or steam, and is not eroded by acid and alkali at high temperature; The elastic modulus is almost constant between - 100 and 200 degrees, especially above 100 degrees, which is better than any thermoplastic resin; The linear expansion coefficient is small and its temperature dependence is small; It is non-toxic and approved by FDA of the United States, and also meets the requirements of No. 434 and No. 178 announcements issued by the Ministry of health and welfare of Japan; It has self extinguishing property and excellent flame retardancy without adding any flame retardant. It can reach UL94V-0 (0.46mm).
2. Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) insulated wire. Peek is a super heat resistant thermoplastic resin. Long term continuous use temperature is 250 ºC, UL temperature index is 25
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